Long‐term changes in recruitment of age‐0 Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) and environmental conditions around Japan

Recruitment of age‐0 Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) from 1952 to 2014 was examined by a sequential regime shift detection method. The regime shifts in recruitment were detected in 1957, 1972, 1980, 1994 and 2009. The durations of regime shift ranged from 8–15 years and averaged 13.0 years. In both the total (1952–2014) and data rich (1980–2014) periods, negative relationships were found between recruitment and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in autumn, and positive relationships were found between recruitment and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the northern part of the East China Sea, in the southwestern part of the Sea of Japan, and in the waters off Shikoku and Tokai in summer and autumn. The 1994 and 2009 regime shifts in recruitment occurred in the same years as shifts in SST anomalies in the northern part of the East China Sea in summer. These results suggest that the ocean conditions in the northern part of the East China Sea are closely related to recruitment of Pacific bluefin tuna, and that the warmer conditions result in higher recruitment of the species.     

不同解冻方式对金枪鱼新鲜度的影响研究

金枪鱼营养物质丰富,但极易腐败,其新鲜度对金枪鱼的品质安全、运输储藏和加工都有重要意义,而解冻方式对其新鲜度有很大的影响。以不同解冻方式下金枪鱼的pH、K值、组胺含量的变化和电子鼻测定的鲜度值为指标,找出比较合适的解冻方式。在整个解冻过程中,pH呈现出减小的趋势,而组胺含量和K值则会随着解冻时间的延长而有所增加。结果显示,外部解冻中的温度梯度解冻和内部解冻中的超声波解冻能够较好地保持金枪鱼的新鲜度。     

Assessing opportunity and relocation costs of marine protected areas using a behavioural model of longline fleet dynamics

Increasing use of spatial management tools in fisheries requires an understanding of fleet response, and in particular to where displaced fishing effort is likely to move. We develop a state‐dependent decision‐making model to address the spatial allocation of effort in an Australian tuna longline fishery. We assume that fishers have an economic objective in deciding where to fish, but that decisions in any period are also influenced by the remaining quota held at the time of the decision. Key features of the model include endogenous price dynamics, a moving stock and a competitive pool of different vessel types operating from different port locations. We utilize this model to illustrate fleet responses to marine reserves and limits on fishing effort. The results illustrate that the model framework provides advantages over statistically based models in that decisions made in response to the imposition of a reserve are not consistent with a proportional reallocation of effort. Rather, the stochastic dynamic model yielded an overall profit level of ～4% higher relative to scenarios with no reserve. Incorporating the opportunity cost of a quota into the model resulted in an optimal utilization of effort, in which effort was concentrated in time periods and locations yielding maximized profit. Under a low level of effort relative to the season length, the model indicated an overall profit level 43% greater than the highest obtained when the same level of effort was applied solely within any given quarter of the season.     

基于贝叶斯概率的印度洋大眼金枪鱼渔场预报

本文采用贝叶斯概率为模型基础框架,利用来自印度洋金枪鱼管理委员会(IOTC)的大眼金枪鱼延绳钓历史渔获统计数据和美国国家海洋大气管理局(NOAA)的海温最优插值再分析数据,进行适用于印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔场的模型参数估算与预报模型构建。模型回报精度验证结果表明,印度洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场综合预报的准确率达到了65.96%。模型预报结果用概率百分比来表示,符合渔业资源分布的客观特点。利用中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS提供的SST产品进行业务化运行的渔场预报,利用模型结果每周生成印度洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场概率预报图,用不同大小的圆形来表示渔场概率的高低,可以为印度洋区域的远洋渔业生产提供信息支持。     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓性能评估初步研究

利用2009～2010年我国大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓调查数据,对金枪鱼延绳钓钓具性能进行评估。结果表明:金枪鱼延绳钓具有较好的种类选择性,大眼金枪鱼渔获量和尾数分别占总渔获量的73.67%和76.00%;大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)未达到性成熟的渔获尾数比例分别为13.00%、25.97%和48.93%;1～6号钓钩,大眼金枪鱼上钩率随钓钩深度增加呈递增趋势,6～8号钓钩上钩率呈递减趋势,6号钓钩上钩率最大为9.46尾/千钩;3号至8号钓钩上钩率均大于7尾/千钩,表明1号和2号钓钩利用率偏低;根据钓钩理论深度,推测大眼金枪鱼主要分布水层为220m～350m。通过调节缩短率和浮子绳长度对钓具进行优化,使得钓钩分布水层与大眼金枪鱼分布水层更为接近,提高钓钩利用率。     

酶解金枪鱼头蛋白制备羟基自由基清除物的研究

用5种蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、typsin、pepsin以及Alcalase 2.4L)分别酶解金枪鱼头蛋白,以羟基自由基清除率为指标,筛选出羟基自由基清除力最强的是Alcalase 2.4L的酶解液,通过响应面试验优化Alcalase2.4L最佳酶解条件为:酶解时间340 min,酶解温度54℃,加酶量0.38%,该条件下酶解液的羟基自由基清除率最佳,为63.67%。     

鱼类下脚料中鱼油的提取工艺研究

鱼油所含的磷脂是动物脑、神经组织、骨髓、心、肝和脾中不可缺少的组成部分,既有助于脂的消化吸收、转运和形成,又是生物膜的重要结构物质。目前金枪鱼下脚料的利用主要是提取活性多肽、胶原蛋白、生产鱼骨粉等。金枪鱼加工中产生大量的下脚料,如果用于提取鱼油,可以创造可观的经济效益。重点研究了酶解工艺条件对鱼油提取率的影响,结果表明,胰蛋白酶提取鱼油的酶解工艺参数为:酶解温度45℃,酶添加量1.5%,料液质量比为1:1,酶解时间4h,酶解pH值8。在此条件下,粗鱼油的提取率为4.32%。     

中西太平洋鲣栖息地指数预报模型比较研究

鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)是太平洋热带海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是目前我国金枪鱼围网渔船的主要捕捞对象之一。根据1995—2012年中西太平洋海域(5°N-10°S;125°E-135°W)延绳钓生产统计数据,结合海表面温度(SST)和海表面高度(SSH)的遥感数据,利用频次分布法分析了中西太平洋围网鲣分布的SST和SSH适宜范围;采用了外包络法,按季度分别建立了SST、SSH的适应性指数(SI),采用算术平均法(AMM)和几何平均法(GMM)建立栖息地指数(HSI)模型计算其栖息地指数,并用2013年度的捕捞数据进行验证。结果表明,中西太平洋围网鲣多分布在SST为28~30.5℃、SSH为65~95 cm的海域。以捕捞努力量(作业天数)为基础,采用外包络法建立SST、SSH的适应性指数最为合适,各个季度的SST权重分别为0.7、0.6、0.3、0.6的算数平均法适合中西太平洋围网鲣栖息地指数模型。不同季节的环境因子对中西太平洋围网鲣渔场分布有着不同的影响。     

Vertical behavior of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean based on archival tag data

The behavior of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean was investigated using archival tag data for 28 fish [49–72 cm fork length (FL) at release, 3–503 days] released in Japanese waters around the Nansei Islands (24–29°N, 122–132°E) and east of central Honshu (Offshore central Honshu, 32–36°N, 142–148°E). Vertical behavior was classified into three types based on past studies: ‘characteristic’ (non‐associative), ‘associative’ (associated with floating objects) and ‘other’ (behavior not fitting into these two categories). The proportion of fish showing associative behavior decreased and that of characteristic behavior increased as fish grew, and this shift was pronounced at 60–70 cm FL. The fish usually stayed above the 20°C isotherm during the daytime and nighttime when showing associative behavior and below the 20°C isotherm during daytime for characteristic behavior. A higher proportion of characteristic behavior was seen between December and April around the Nansei Islands, and between September and December for offshore central Honshu. Seasonal changes in vertical position were also observed in conjunction with changes in water temperature. In this study, ‘other’ behavior was further classified into five types, of which ‘afternoon dive’ behavior, characterized by deep dives between around noon and evening, was the most frequent. The present study indicated that in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, the vertical behavior of bigeye tuna changes with size, as well as between seasons and regions.